Language Index

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UNSCIENTIFIC (inattentive to assumptions; tendency toward uncritical, entailment-heavy assertions about learning)

QUASI-SCIENTIFIC or LIMITED-SCIENTIFIC(lacking some critical element associated with robust, scientific knowledge)

SCIENTIFIC(robustly theorized and empirically grounded, aimed at innovative contributions to understanding learning)

BLACK signifies clusters of related discourses and map regions

** signifies HIJACKED or ADAPTED (not originally formulated or intended as discourses on or associated with learning)

Languages	Root Metaphor
Blackfoot	living
Chinese	學習Xué Xi habitual and frequent practicing, studying, reviewing
Czech	Učit se - To be accustomed to, to habituate
English	To track – attainment metaphor
Farsi	یاد yad (what the son remembers): To receive - passive acquisition metaphor
French	To take – acquisition metaphor
German	To track - attainment metaphor
Hebrew	מלמד בקר Melamed/Malmadh - Cattle prod - to track - forceful acquisition metaphor
Japanese	学ぶ (Manabu) - To imitate
Latin	To distinguish or notice
Lithuanian	Moku - be able, effort
Polish	učiti – to be accustomed to, practice, assimilate to oneself a set of knowledge
Romanian	Invăţa - To negate a defect
Russian	uchit’ - being accustomed to, to exercise
Spanish	To take – acquisition metaphor